Transit-Oriented Development As Economic Stimulus
Developments near public transportation hubs attract quality workers and provide opportunities for public-private partnerships - a win-win situation for companies and communities.
Apr/May 09
Transit-Oriented Development in the United States: Experiences, Challenges, and Prospects, a study published by Transit Cooperative Research Project (TCRP), defines transit-oriented development (TOD) as "compact, mixed-use development near transit facilities and high-quality walking environments." These are high-density commercial and residential real estate developments above or surrounding centers of mass transit, including bus and rail.
The benefits of TOD, according to the TCRP study, are wide-ranging for all participants: "The most direct benefit of TOD and joint development is increased ridership and the associated revenue gains. Other primary benefits include the vitalization of neighborhoods, financial gains for joint development opportunities, increases in the supply of affordable housing, and profits to those who own land and businesses near transit stops. Secondary benefits include congestion relief, land conservation, reduced outlays for roads, and improved safety for pedestrians and cyclists."
Goals of TOD
Among the immediate goals for TOD are increasing public transit ridership and providing residents and transit users with a hub of commercial conveniences provided by small- and medium-sized businesses. Interestingly, TOD centers are not traditional economic clusters, which leverage off each other. Transit-oriented developments are origin and destination centers, centered around transit-focused catchment, and capitalize on enhanced local and regional accessibility. Diversity in services is important in programming commercial and retail in TOD.
Federal and state governments have been supportive of TOD because it limits land-use sprawl, reduces carbon dioxide emissions, and reduces traffic congestion. For cities and towns that have embarked upon TOD, it has been a tool to regenerate areas that have proved resistant to renewal by the private sector, including older and/or more industrial areas. It also provides an upgrade of transit facilities and services surrounding transit nodes and can increase the tax base through a higher use of property.
Communities have also found TOD investment to be useful in attracting direct investment and in growing locally-owned businesses, providing jobs and increasing employment and sales tax revenues.
Underlying Drivers
There are specific demographic drivers that underlie the movement to TOD. The overall U.S. population is experiencing higher growth rates, with immigration adding upwards of 35 percent of the natural increase, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. The population is aging, the age at which couples get married is rising, and household size is declining - all factors that are increasing the pool of empty nesters and young urbanites who are more likely to live in urban areas.
With a further shift to a service economy and more knowledge jobs being created, along with higher gas prices and a focus on renewable energy and the environment, higher-density planning and development is attractive on many fronts. With the world economy in recession, efficiency is increasingly important.
Academic research supports the concept that TOD delivers a quality work force. Studies have shown that efficient transportation systems breed higher work force productivity (Productivity and Metropolitan Density, Ciccone and Hall, 1996) and employment density increases average productivity (Trends and Issues in Continuing Professional Education, Cervero, 2000). In addition, innovative businesses and creative activities are most likely to be urban-centered and located in cities. And industries that hire college-educated workers are often more centralized, located in a city's inner ring, according to a study by The Brookings Institute.
Transportation has always been a key site selection factor. Traditionally, company projects locating in or surrounding urban centers have had superior access to a work force - for which they have often paid a premium for both labor and property - over communities of less density. For international companies, airport access for managerial and executive movement has always been crucial.
Access to and availability of work force have been increasingly important location criteria since the mid-1990s, given low unemployment. Even with the recent recession, as U.S. unemployment has soared to over 8 percent, access to a quality, educated work force still remains critical. The fluid access that TOD provides to its regional work force can give a company flexibility in hiring and can feed its long-term growth and productivity.
Case Study: Charlotte, N.C.
Charlotte, North Carolina, is a good example of the benefit of a long-range plan centered around TOD. The city's light rail, LYNX, has been 14 years in the making, with its impetus the South End redevelopment and the refurbishing of a historic street car. Mayor Patrick McCrory, who championed the light-rail installation, part of the Charlotte Area Transit System (CATS), credits TOD for the area's successful regeneration of an older block corridor dating its industrial activity back to the 1920s and `30s. Support for the plan was hard-fought and included passing a sales tax increase for funding.
Significant planning went into maximizing usage by providing an integrated system of rail and bus systems linking to road infrastructure and park and rides, as well as with sidewalks and biking lanes. Key to success was emphasizing cleanliness and safety - "number one is safety," says McCrory. The economics must be supportable and "the numbers must work." The result was an increase in ridership exceeding expectations.
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